1. System Architecture Overview

• AC UPS Systems: Provide uninterrupted AC power to critical IT loads such as servers and network equipment during utility failures.
• DC Operating Power Systems (DC Panels): Supply stable DC power to control, protection, and signaling systems, especially in electrical infrastructure and switchgear.
• Hybrid Distribution Network: Combines AC and DC distribution to optimize power delivery paths and reduce energy conversion losses.

2. Operational Modes

• Normal Operation:
  The AC UPS supplies conditioned AC power to IT loads, while the DC system powers control and protection devices. Both systems operate in parallel, with their batteries charged and ready.
• Utility Failure:
  Upon power outage, the UPS instantly switches to battery mode, maintaining AC supply. Simultaneously, the DC system continues to power critical infrastructure without interruption, ensuring seamless operation of control systems and communication devices.
• Restoration:
  Once utility power is restored, both systems revert to normal operation, and their batteries are recharged for future use.

3. Integration Benefits

• Enhanced Reliability:
  Redundant power paths (AC via UPS and DC via battery-backed panels) ensure continuous operation even during equipment faults or maintenance.
• Improved Efficiency:
  By minimizing AC-DC conversions and using high-efficiency components like high-voltage DC (HVDC) systems, overall power losses are reduced. For example, HVDC systems can achieve efficiencies above 98%

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• Space and Cost Savings:
  Integrated systems reduce the need for separate infrastructure. Modular designs allow scalable expansion and easier maintenance

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• Support for Renewable Integration:
  DC systems naturally integrate with photovoltaic and energy storage systems, facilitating the adoption of green energy in data centers

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4. Application Scenarios

• Large-Scale Data Centers:
  Use hybrid AC/DC architectures where core network equipment is powered by HVDC, and general IT loads by AC UPS, optimizing both performance and energy use

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• Edge and Modular Data Centers:
  Employ compact DC UPS and DC panels for space-constrained environments, ensuring high availability and simplified deployment

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• Green Data Centers:
  Combine “source-grid-load-storage” integration with coordinated UPS and DC systems to achieve low PUE (Power Usage Effectiveness) and carbon neutrality goals

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5. Future Trends

• Solid-State Transformers (SSTs):
  Enable direct conversion from medium-voltage AC to 800V DC, further simplifying power architecture and improving efficiency

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• AI-Driven Power Management:
  Intelligent monitoring and predictive maintenance enhance system reliability and reduce downtime

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• Standardization and Modularization:
  Promotes interoperability, reduces deployment time, and supports flexible configurations for diverse data center needs

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